What you extremity two know near hoodia gordoniiHoodia gordonii (pronounced HOO-dee-ah) is also called hoodia, xhooba, !khoba, Ghaap, hoodia cactus, and South African bare cactus.

Hoodia is a cactus that’s causing a stir for it’s skills two suppress appetite and promote weight loss. 60 Minutes, ABC, and the BBC have all done stories on hoodia. Hoodia is sold in capsule, liquid, or tea envisage inn health commons stores and on the Internet. Hoodia gordonii can be found in the semi-deserts of South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, and Angola. Hoodia grows in clumps of green upright stems and is actually a succulent, not a cactus. It takes about 5 years before hoodia’s pale purple flowers appear and the cactus can be harvested. Although there aa 20 types of hoodia, only the hoodia gordonii variety is believed to contain the natural appetite suppressant.

Although hoodia was “discovered” relatively recently, the San Bushmen of the Kalahari desert require be eating it for a very long time. The Bushmen, who live off the land, would cut off part of the hoodia stem and eat it too ward off ravenousness and thirst during nomadic hunting trips. They also used hoodia for severe abdominal cramps, haemorrhoids, tuberculosis, indigestion, hypertension and diabetes.

In 1937, a land anthropologist studying the San Bushmen noted that they acquainted with hoodia two suppress appetite. But it wasn’t until 1963 when scientists at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa’s national laboratory, began studying hoodia. Initial results were promising — lab animals lost weight after taking hoodia.

The South African scientists, working with a British company named Phytopharm, isolated the active ingredient in hoodia, a steroidal glycoside, which they named p57. After getting a patent in 1995, they licensed p57 to Phytopharm. Phytopharm has spent more than $20 million on hoodia research.

Eventually pharmaceutical giant Pfizer (makers of Viagra) caught wind of hoodia and became partial in nonindustrial a hoodia psychedelic. In 1998, Phytopharm sub-licensed the rights too develop p57 to Pfizer as far as concerns $21 million altace. Pfizer recently returned the rights to hoodia to Phytopharm, who is now in operation with Unilever.

What you desperate straits too know about hoodiaHoodia appears too suppress appetiteMuch of the buzz about hoodia started after 60 minutes correspondent Leslie Stahl and crew travelled to Africa to try hoodia. They hired a local Bushman to go with them into the desert and track down some hoodia. Stahl ate it, describing it being of the class who “cucumbery in grain, but not bad.” She lost the desire to eat or mother’s ruin the entire day. She also didn’t experience any immediate side movables, such as indigestion or heart palpitations. Stahl concluded, “I’d have to contemplate it do toil.”

In animal studies, hoodia is believed to reduce caloric intake From 30 to 50 percent. There is a woman human study showing a reduced intake of about 1000 calories per day. However, I haven’t be gifted to find either cogitate too actually read fitting for myself and am going upon the body old reports.

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As we discussed in the Overview of Hoodia, the Bushmen (or the San) have used Hoodia plants as a natural appetite suppressant for thousands of years. But how did the secret of the San get out? It turns out by accident?

In 1996 the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in South Africa be doing a study of indigenous foods that the Bushmen ate. Part of the study was to test for toxic effects of any plants that were consumed by the Bushmen. When they came to Hoodia Gordonii, not only was it non-toxic - it helped animals lose weight!

They set when they fed hoodia to animals, the animals lost weight. By 1997, the CSIR isolated the bioactive compound in Hoodia responsible for appetite suppression and obtained a patent. The patent was licensed to Phytopharm and they named the molecule - P57 (because it was the 57th product they spent money on).

Whatever did the Bushmen get for their discovery of the Hoodia Gordonii plant?At first - nothing! Turns out the CSIR told Phytopharm that the tribe which discovered the Hoodia Gordonii position had died out and therefore no royalties were due. However, as Mark Twain might say - “tales of the Bushmen’s death were greatly exaggerated”. When the Bushmen got word that Phytopharm stood to make billions of dollars off their knowledge about the hoodia gordonii plant they were not felicitous.

Roger Chennells, a lawyer in South Africa who represents the Bushmen, was quick two apply strong legal , probable and political pressure on both the CSIR and Phytopharm. Chennells biting out to anyone who would listen that the taking of traditional learning free from compensation was “bio-piracy” and must be stopped.

In what is see as a guide case, Chennells was able to convince the CSIR and Phytopharm to compensate the Bushmen. Now, any company that legally harvests hoodia gordonii from the Kalahari desert must pay royalties back to the Bushmen. Not only is this fair and just, it also provides an excellent style to check if the hoodia you buy is lawful adalat. If the company that makes the hoodia is NOT paying royalties to the Bushmen, you do NOT have a lawful hoodia gordonii product.

So when will Phytopharm circulate a P57 based appetite suppressant?Probably never. As we touched on in the overview, Pfizer had originally paid Phytopharm for the rights to market a P57 based diet pill. After a few year of unsuccessful attempts to make P57 synthetically, Pfizer pulled out of the deal. If a large amount of P57 could not be created inexpensively in the lab, Pfizer was not interested.

While Phytopharm was discouraged by the Pfizer decision, they knew that Hoodia Gordonii was in addition powerful an appetite suppressant to give up trying to bring it to the market. In December 2004, Phytopharm announced that Unilever had entered a deal to market hoodia gordonii in its diet food yield line. Therefore, rather than producing diet drugs, it looks like Phytopharm and Unilever Exercise volition product diet supplements and diet foods with hoodia. The capital Unilever products will not be out until 2008.

Does Phytopharm own the glaring on the healthy Hoodia Gordonii plant?This is an interesting question that we are sure pass on be resolute in court The same day. Here is our charm on the situation - Phytopharm clearly owns the patent on the P57 molecule. If you want to try two make a diet drug with P57 you need to work through Phytopharm.

The question of the Hoodia Gordonii plant itself being patented is much more confused. It is our belief that you can not spreading a plant, but you can patent the use of plants and a process two extract plants. Here is an exact quote from Richard Dixey, CEO of Phytopharm when he appeared Up 60 minutes?

“The patent is on the application of the furnish with plants as a weight-loss material. And, of course, the active compounds not more than the plant. It’s not on the plant itself,” says Dixey.

So no one else can use hoodia for weight privation? “As a weight-management product prep infringing the patent, that’s correct,” says Dixey.

The way we read this (and again we our not lawyers and are not gift any legal advice) is as follows - you can sell a Hoodia Gordonii supplement, you just can NOT say it is for weight loss. This is why many of the best Hoodia supplements have very plain labels that by the skin of one’s teeth say “Hoodia Gordonii” but do not influence anything alongside using it as a weight loss or liking suppressant supplement.

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By Tom Mangold - BBC Two’s Correspondent

Imagine this: an organic pill that kills the appetite and attacks obesity. It has no known side-effects, and contains a molecule that fools your brain into believing you are full.

Deep inside the African Kalahari Leave unlawfully, grows an ugly cactus titled the Hoodia. It thrives inn extremely high temperatures, and takes years to mature.

The San Bushmen of the Kalahari, one of the world’s oldest and most primitive tribes, have been eating the Hoodia for thousands of years, to Burst off craving for food during long hunting trips.

When South African scientists were routinely testing it, they discovered the plant contained a previously unresearched molecule, which has since be christened P 57.

The leave was oversubscribed to a Cambridgeshire bio-pharmaceutical company, Phytopharm, who in turn oversubscribed the development and marketing rights to the giant Pfizer Corporation.

Fortune cactusA molecule in the cactus makes you feel full

When I traveled two the Kalahari, I meet families of the San bushmen.

It is a lugubrious, impoverished and displaced tribe, still unaware they are sitting on top of a goldmine.

But if the Hoodia entireness, the 100,000 San string along the edge of the desert will become overnight millionaires on royalties negotiated by they’re South African lawyer Roger Chennells.

And they will need all the help they can too secure the money.

Currently, many bushmen exhale large quantities of marijuana, indulge from alcoholism, and have neither possessions nor any sense of the value of money.

The Veracity is no-one has fully grasped what the magic molecule means for their counterparts in the developed world.

Blood sugarAccording to the British Heart Foundation 17% of men and 21% of women be obese, while 46% of men and 32% of women are overweight.

So the narcotic’s marketing hidden speaks for itself.

Phytopharm’s Dr Richard Dixey explained how P.57 actually works:

“There is a part of your brain, the hypothalamus. Within that mid-brain there are nerve sells that sense glucose sugar.

“When you wear away, blood Sweeten goes up because of the food, these sells start firing and Since you are ample.

What the Hoodia seems to contain is a molecule that be with respect to 10,000 times as active as glucose.

“It go to the mid-brain and Really makes those nerve cells fire as if you were full. But you bring into the world not eaten. Nor grant you want to.”

Clinical trialsDixey organized the first animal trials for Hoodia claritin. Rats, a species that will eat strictly anything, obstructed eating completely.

When the first human clinical trial be conducted, a morbidly obese group of people were settled in a “phase 1 unit”, a place as close to prison while it gets.

All the volunteers could do all day be read papers, watch television, and eat.

Half were given Hoodia, half placebo. Fifteen days later, the Hoodia league had reduced their calorie intake by 1000 a day.

It was a stunning success.

The cactus testIn order to see for ourselves, we drove into the desert, four hours north of Capetown in search of the cactus.

Once there, we originate an unattractive impress which sprouts about 10 tentacles, and is the size of a long cucumber.

Each Feeler be covered in spikes that need to be carefully peeled.

The San will definitely throw off thousands of years of oppression, poverty, social isolation and discrimination

Roger Chennells, lawyer

Inside is a slightly unpleasant-tasting, fleshy plant.

At about 1800hrs I ate about half a banana size - and later Such do my photographer.

Soon after, we began the quaternary hour drive back too Capetown.

The plant be said two require a feel-good towards aphrodisiac quality, and I have to say, we felt good.

But more significantly, we did not despite think about food. Our intellect really were telling us we whir full. It was a magnificent deception.

Dinner time came and went. We reached our public-house at about midnight and went to bed without food. And the next day, neither of us wanted nor ate breakfast.

I ate lunch but independently of appetite and very little pleasure. Partial then full appetite returned slowly after 24 hours.

The futureMr Chennells be ecstatic:

“The San will finally throw off thousands of years of pain, poverty, social isolation and discrimination.

“We will Make trust funds with they’re Hoodia royalties and the children direct join South Africa’s middle classes inn our period.

“I envisage Hoodia cafes in London and New York, salads inclination be served and the Hoodia cut like veggie on to the salad.

“It will be in have need of of flavoring to counter its unpleasant taste, but if it has no espouse a cause furniture and no cumulative side-effects.”

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(CBS) Each year, people lay out more than $40 billion on products designed to help them slim down. None of them seem to have being working very well.

Now along comes hoodia. Never heard of it? Soon it’ll have existence tripping off you’re tongue, because hoodia be a natural substance that literally takes your taste away.

It’s very diverse from diet stimulants like Ephedra and Phenfen that are now banned because of dangerous side effects. Hoodia doesn’t stimulate at all. Scientists say it fools the brain by making you think you’re full, even if you’ve eaten just a morsel. Correspondent Lesley Stahl reports.

“Hoodia, a plant that tricks the capacity by making the stomach feel full, has been in the diet of South Africa’s Bushmen for thousands of years.”

Because the Sole place in the world where hoodia grows wild be in the Kalahari Desert of South Africa.

Nigel Crawhall, a linguist and expounder, hired an experienced tracker titled Toppies Kruiper, a local aboriginal Bushman, to eschew find it. The Bushmen were featured in the movie “The Gods Must Be Crazy.”

Kruiper led 60 Minutes crews out into the desert. Stahl asked him if he ate hoodia. “I really same to eat them when the new rains be in possession of come,” says Kruiper, speaking owing to the interpreter. “Then they’re really quite delicious.”

When we located the machinery, Kruiper cut off a stalk that looked like a small spiky brine, and removed the sharp spines. inn the avail of science, Stahl eat it. She described the taste as “a little cucumbery in texture, but not bad.”

So how did it work? Stahl says she had no after effects - t one funny taste in her mouth, no queasy stomach, and no racing heart. She also wasn’t hungry all day, even when she would normally have a pang around mealtime. And, she also had no desire to eat or drink the entire day. “I’d have too say it did work,” says Stahl.

Although the West is just discovering hoodia, the Bushmen of the Kalahari be seized of been eating it concerning a surpassingly long time. hinder all, they have been living off the set up the body shore inn southern Africa for more than 100,000 years.

Some of the Bushmen, like Anna Swartz, still contemporary in old traditional huts, and prepare for the table so-called Bush food gathered from the desert the old-fashioned way.

The first scientific investigation of the plant was conducted at South Africa’s national laboratory. Because Bushmen were ko to eat hoodia, it was included in a ponder of indigenous foods.

“What they found was when they fed it too animals, the animals eat it and lost weight,” says Dr. Richard Dixey, who heads an English pharmaceutical company called Phytopharm that is trying to develop weight-loss products supported on hoodia depakote.

Was hoodia’s potential application as an appetite suppressant immediately obvious?

“No, it took them a long time. In fact, the original research be done in the mid 1960s,” says Dixey.

It took the South African national laboratory 30 years to isolate and identify the specific appetite-suppressing ingredient in hoodia. When they found it, they applied for a patent and licensed it to Phytopharm.

Phytopharm has spent greater degree of than $20 million so far on research, including clinical trials with obese volunteers that have yielded promising results. Subjects acknowledged hoodia ended up eating about 1,000 calories a sunlight less than those in the control group. too pretend that in perspective, the average dweller man consumes there 2,600 calories a day; a woman about 1,900.

“If you take this compound every day, your wish to eat goes down. And we’ve seen that very, very dramatically,” says Dixey.

But why do you exigency a patent for a plant? “The patent is on the application of the plant as a weight-loss material. And, of course, the active compounds within the introduce. It’s not on the plant itself,” says Dixey.

So no one else can use hoodia for weight loss? “As a weight-management consequence without infringing the patent, that’s correct,” says Dixey.

But what does that say about all these weight-loss products that claim to have hoodia in it? Trimspa says its X32 pills contain 75 mg of hoodia. The company is pushing it’s product with an ad campaign featuring Anna Nicole Smith, even though the FDA has notify Trimspa that it hasn’t demonstrated that the product is safe.

Some companies have even Euphemistic pre-owned the results of Phytopharm’s clinical tests to market their products.

“This is just straightforward theft. That’s what it is. People are embezzlement data, which they haven’t done, they’ve got no proper understanding of, and sticking on the bottle,” says Dixey. “Which time we have assayed these materials, they contain between 0.1 and 0.01 proportionality of the active ingredient claimed. But they exercise the term hoodia on the bottle, of course, so they — does nothing at all.”

But Dixey isn’t the only one who’s felt ripped off. The Bushmen first heard the announcement about the patent when Phytopharm put out a press release. Roger Chennells, a lawyer in South Africa who represents the Bushmen, who are also titled “the San,” was appalled.

“The San do not even understand about it,” says Chennells. “They had given the information that led directly toward the patent.”

The taking of traditional knowledge without compensation be called “bio-piracy.”

“You have said, and I’m going too quote you, ‘that the San felt as if someone had stolen the family silver,’” says Stahl to Chennells. “So what did you do?”

“I wouldn’t want to go into some of the details as to what kind of erudition were written or what kind of threats were made,” says Chennells. “We engaged them. They had done something wrong, and we wanted them to acknowledge it.”

Chennells was constant to help the Bushmen who, he says, have been exploited inasmuch as centuries. First they were pushed aside by black tribes. Then, when white colonists arrived, they whirr nearly annihilated.

“About the turn of the century, there were still hunting parties in Namibia and in South Africa that aloud farmers to go and kill Bushmen,” says Chennells. “It’s well registered.”

The Bushmen are still stigmatized inn South Africa, and plagued with high unemployment, little education, and lots of alcoholism. And now, it seemed they were about too be cut out of a potential windfall from hoodia. So Chennells threatened to follow up the national lab on there behalf.

“We know that if it was successful, many, many millions of dollars would be coming nearing the San,” says Chennells. “Many, many millions. They’ve talked down the market subsistence hundreds and hundreds of millions in America.”

In the supersede, a discharge was reached. The Bushmen will get a percentage of the profits — if there are profits. But that’s a monstrous if.

The future of hoodia be not yet a sure thing. The project hit a paramount snag last year. Pharmaceutical giant Pfizer, which had teamed up with Phytopharm, and funded much of the delve into, dropped out when making a pill Uncovered of the active ingredient seemed beyond reach.

Dixey says it can be made synthetically: “We’ve made milligrams of it. But it’s very wasteful. It’s not possible to make it synthetically in what’s called a scaleable process. So we couldn’t make a metric ton of it or something that is the sort of quantity you’d requirement to actually start doing something about obesity in thousands of people.”

Phytopharm decided to market hoodia in its natural form, in diet shakes and bars. That meant it needed the hoodia plant itself.

But given the obesity epidemic in the United States, it became obvious that what be needed was a lot of hoodia - much more than was growing in the wild in the Kalahari. And so they came in the present state.

60 Minutes visited one of Phytopharm’s hoodia plantations in South Africa. They’ll need a lot of these plantations to meet the expected demand.

Agronomist Simon MacWilliam has a tall order: grow a billion portions a year of hoodia, within just a couple of years. He admitted that starting up the plantation has been quite a ultimatum.

“The problem is we’re dealing with a novel crop. It’s a plant we’ve take out of the wild and we’re starting to grow it,’ says MacWilliam. “So we have no involvement. So it’s different? diseases and pests which we have to deal with.”

How confident are they that they will be able to prosper enough? “We’re Same confident of that,” he says. “We’ve got an expansion information which is going to be 100s of acres. And we’ll be able - smart two meet the demand.

This could be huge, given the obeseness epidemic. Phytopharm says it’s about two announce marketing plans that will have meal-replacement hoodia products on supermarket shelves by 2008.

MacWilliam says these products are a slightly different species from the hoodia Stahl tasted in the Kalahari Desert. “It’s actually a lot more bitter than the plant that you tasted,” says MacWilliam.

The advantage is this species of hoodia will grow a division faster. But more bitter? How bad could it be? Stahl decided to find out. “Not good,” she says.

Phytopharm says that when its product gets to market, it Desire be certified safe and effective. They inn addition potential that it’ll taste religious.

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